Choices Flooring Keswick · Internal Reference

Engineered Timber
Product Guide

Everything you need to know before buying, selling, or installing

◆ Source: ATFA Engineered Flooring Industry Standard — atfa.com.au
Core Construction

ATFA: "Board construction varies significantly between products. The cross-laminated core reduces width movement from moisture changes — the more layers, the more stable the board."

9-Ply MultiplyRECOMMENDED
3mm lamella
ply
ply
ply
ply
ply
ply
ply
ply
back
✓ PREFERRED
7-Ply MultiplyGOOD
3mm lamella
ply
ply
ply
ply
ply
ply
back
✓ GOOD
5-Ply MultiplyMINIMUM
3mm lamella
ply
ply
ply
ply
back
⚠ MINIMUM
HDF CoreFLOAT ONLY
veneer
HDF CORE
swells if wet — no recovery
back
✗ FLOAT ONLY
MDF / CompositeNEVER
thin veneer
MDF / COMPOSITE
no adhesive hold, fails
back
✗ NEVER STOCK
Why ply count matters

Each layer is bonded at 90° to the one below. The grain directions fight each other — so the board can't expand freely. More layers = more restraint = less movement in Australian humidity swings.

Same-species core

When the core species matches the face lamella (e.g. all-oak construction), both layers respond identically to moisture. ATFA recognises this as superior stability. Sell it at a premium.

CORE PLY DIRECT STICK MAX WIDTH KEY RISK
9–12 Ply Multiply 9–12 ✓ YES 220mm+ None — best option
7-Ply Multiply 7 ✓ YES 200mm Low with correct adhesive
5-Ply Multiply 5 ⚠ MIN 180mm Acceptable — minimum only
3-Ply / Stave core 3 ✗ FLOAT Telegraphing, delamination under glue stress
HDF Core ✗ NEVER Swells permanently — no moisture recovery
MDF / Composite / Fiberboard ✗ NEVER Do not stock under any circumstances
Lamella & Veneer

ATFA: "Veneers are typically up to about 2mm thick while a lamella is thicker and often 2.5mm to 6mm. Those with thin veneers will not be able to be sanded back to bare timber without risk of penetrating into the base."

ply core
AVOID
Under 2mm
Cannot sand.
Replace, don't restore.
10 yr max life.
2mm
ply core
WITH BRIEFING
2mm
One very
light sand only.
10–15 yr life.
3mm
ply core
MAIN RANGE
3mm
Full sand & recoat.
15–25 yr life.
Sweet spot.
4mm+
ply core
PREMIUM
4mm+
Multiple sands.
25+ yr life.
Sell at premium.
Cut method — ask every importer

Sawn Cut

Stronger grain structure. Less prone to surface checking. The right way to make a quality lamella. This is what you want.

REQUEST THIS
Cut method — lower quality

Rotary / Peeled

Cheaper to produce. Creates "lathe checks" — micro-cracks that telegraph through the finish, especially in low humidity. Common in budget Chinese product.

AVOID
Under 2mm — what to tell the client (must document this)

"This is a real timber floor. The difference is it has a defined life — when the surface wears, you replace the floor rather than sand it back. Great value for a 10–15 year product. You just need to know that upfront."

THICKNESS SANDING LIFE FLOOR LIFE SELL AS
Under 2mm None ≈10 yr Only with written client briefing
2mm 1 very light sand 10–15 yr Budget & volume builds
3mm Full sand + recoat 15–25 yr Main range — standard offer
4mm+ 2–3 sands over life 25+ yr Premium tier — higher margin
Lacquer & Oil Finish

ATFA: "The coating is done in a controlled environment with UV curing. Many products include fillers, sealers, and final coats with additives such as aluminium oxide for wear resistance."

UV Lacquer
Hard film on top of timber
Scratch resistanceHigh
Scratch appearanceVisible — colour contrast
MaintenanceLow — mop and done
Failure modeChips & peels under impact
Minimum coat count7 coats
Best forFamilies, pets, builders
RED FLAG
If importer cannot confirm coat count or brand — it's a 3-coat budget finish. Fails in 2 years. That warranty is yours.
UV Oil / Hardwax Oil
Penetrates into wood fibres
Scratch resistanceMedium
Scratch appearanceBlends into tone — less visible
MaintenancePeriodic re-oil required
Failure modeDegrades gradually — never peels
Spot repairEasier than lacquer
Best forDesign clients, premium residential
SELLING POINT
Natural, matte appearance. Scratches become part of the character. Higher margin product for the right client.
What to ask your importer
Question 1

How many coats?

7 minimum for UV lacquer. Under 5 = reject. Ask for the specific number — not "multi-coat."

Question 2

What lacquer brand?

Known brands: Bona, Rubio, Woca, Loba. Unknown brand = budget product with no track record.

Question 3

Aluminium oxide?

Adds hardness. Good for high traffic. But if scratched white, it stands out. Know what the product contains.

Click Systems

ATFA: "The T&G profile is used for direct adhesive fix applications. Note that some T&G is only designed for direct adhesive fixing." The joint system determines what you can and cannot do with the product.

BOARD 1 BOARD 2 T&G JOINT
Tongue & Groove (T&G)
Board slides into adjacent groove. Adhesive sets below. No mechanical interference with glue-down process.
PREFERRED — DIRECT STICK
BOARD 1 BOARD 2 5G CLICK PL
5G Click (Välinge)
Flexible plastic tongue on short edge. Drop-lock on long edge. Can direct stick if manufacturer approves — confirm before ordering.
CHECK MFR APPROVAL
BOARD 1 BOARD 2 2G CLICK
2G Click (angle & tap)
Older system. Angle the board and tap. Less reliable short-edge lock. Found in budget product. Check manufacturer before allowing glue-down.
BUDGET / OLDER SYSTEM
Rule for your business

Your primary product is T&G for direct stick. It's the cleanest install — no click mechanism fighting the adhesive while you're positioning the board. If a supplier shows you a 5G product, ask for the technical data sheet that explicitly approves glue-down before you commit to stock.

Subfloor Requirements

Test every job. Document every reading. A written moisture record protects you from every warranty dispute.

🏗 Concrete Slab
≤ 5.5% MC
  • Use Tramex capacitance meter — test multiple locations
  • In-situ RH probe: drill to 40% depth of slab (ground level)
  • RH limit: ≤ 75% RH at probe depth
  • pH test: ≤ 9 (high alkalinity degrades adhesive over time)
  • Apply moisture barrier on ALL ground-level slabs — even if reading is dry
  • Slabs rehydrate from the ground. A dry reading today ≠ dry forever
🧱 Hebel (AAC)
≤ 5.5% MC
  • Porous — adhesive absorbs into panel, not the board
  • Must prime surface with Hebel-compatible primer before adhesive
  • Use 3mm notch trowel only (not 6mm)
  • Maximum board: 14mm total thickness
  • Confirm with Sika or Bostik technical data sheet
  • Lighter boards only — Hebel has load limits
🪵 Structural Ply (F17)
10–14% MC
  • Best timber subfloor — ideal for direct stick
  • Holds adhesive well
  • Secret nail compatible
  • ATFA: "10–14% MC is considered sufficiently dry"
  • Test with timber moisture meter
⚠ Yellow Tongue / Chipboard
NO DIRECT STICK
  • Too soft — adhesive bond fails
  • Float only, OR overlay with F17 structural ply first
  • Swells permanently if moisture gets in
  • Never direct stick regardless of MC reading
Adhesive — non-negotiable

Use MS Polymer flexible adhesive only. Recommended brands: Sika Bond T55, Bostik UltraSet HP, Mapei Ultrabond. Never use water-based adhesive — it introduces moisture and breaks down over time. ATFA: use of other glue types will void manufacturer warranty.

Relative Humidity

ATFA: "Engineered flooring will expand under wet conditions and shrink under dry conditions — but less than solid timber. Every site and in-service environment must be assessed."

DANGER
Gaps & Checking
0–35%
CAUTION
35–40%
✓ IDEAL
40–60% RH
CAUTION
60–70%
DANGER
Cupping
70–100%
0%10%20%30%40%50%60%70%80%90%100%
Below 35%
Board loses moisture. Shrinks across width. Gaps open at joins. Surface checks (cracks along grain).
Most at risk: Wide boards 220mm+, thin veneer, rotary-cut lamella
40–60%
Stable. Timber at equilibrium. No movement. All products perform here.
Target this range. HVAC running = this is achievable.
Above 70%
Board absorbs moisture. Swells. Cupping, crowning, end-lift. Joins peak against each other.
Most at risk: HDF core, 3-ply, boards laid before HVAC commissioned
Extreme swings
Repeated stress on lamella-to-core bond. Delamination develops over time.
Most at risk: Any product under 7-ply. Budget lacquer. Thin veneer.
Before install

HVAC must be fully operational before installation begins. Do not lay in an unoccupied, uncontrolled building. Acclimatise boards on-site for 48–72 hours minimum before laying.

Direct stick & humidity

The adhesive restrains the board. In a humidity swing, the board tries to move but can't — stress goes into the face. This causes surface checking in low RH and join delamination in high RH. Core quality is everything.

Failure Modes

Every failure has a specific cause. Knowing them protects you in warranty disputes — and helps you spec the right product for the right job.

Delamination
Veneer lifts from core — clean separation at glue line
The top timber layer physically separates from the core. Can be one board or entire floor.
CAUSES
Factory: inadequate adhesive in press, uncured glue, steam pockets. Site: flooding, repeated standing water, excessive wet mopping. Heat: underfloor heating, skylights, hot water pipes.
⚠ Most at risk: Cheap product with poor factory QC. Any board exposed to water ingress.
Cupping
Edges rise higher than centre — board looks like a U
Moisture imbalance — more moisture on underside than top surface. Can be seasonal and self-correct, or permanent if severe.
CAUSES
Wet subfloor not tested. RH above 70%. HDF core cannot handle moisture variation. Laid before HVAC commissioned.
⚠ Most at risk: HDF core, 3-ply, any board over wet or borderline subfloor.
Crowning
Centre rises above edges — opposite of cupping
Almost always caused by human error: sanding a cupped floor before moisture has equalised. When the floor stabilises, it crowns.
CAUSES
Floor was cupped, then sanded flat. Sander removed more timber at the high edges. When RH normalises, board is now crowned.
⚠ Prevention: Never sand until floor is fully stable and moisture is in range.
End-Lift / Ski
Board ends curve upward — visible & a trip hazard
Core swells faster and in a different direction than the face lamella. Moisture enters at end grain where boards aren't sealed.
CAUSES
Boards laid in uncontrolled environment. High humidity rooms. End grain not sealed. HVAC not running at time of install.
⚠ Most at risk: Any board laid before climate control is operational.
|||
Surface Checking
Fine cracks along grain in finish or lamella
Veneer dries out and contracts faster than the core below it. The finish cracks along the grain.
CAUSES
Very low RH (below 35%). Rotary-cut lamella — lathe checks telegraph through the finish. Most common with thin veneer under 2mm.
⚠ Most at risk: Thin veneer, rotary-cut lamella, SA climate — air-con running in winter.
Telegraphing
Core pattern visible on finished surface
Ridges or lines from the core structure show through the lamella and finish. Can be a manufacturing defect or a moisture issue.
CAUSES
Stave/finger-block core shifts with moisture. Voids or gaps in the core. Uneven subfloor — high spots transmit through thin boards.
⚠ Most at risk: 3-ply stave core, boards under 12mm, uneven subfloor.
Veneer Sand-Through
Core exposed — board must be replaced
Sander removes all of the wear layer and exposes the core. Cannot be repaired — replacement only. Client is not happy.
CAUSES
Sanding a thin veneer (under 2mm). Sanding a board that is cupped — high edges are removed first, penetrating the lamella.
⚠ Prevention: Set client expectations on under 2mm floors at point of sale. Always flatten before sanding.
Adhesive Bond Failure
Board lifts — hollow drummy sound underfoot
The board is no longer bonded to the subfloor. Moves underfoot, makes noise, eventually lifts at edges.
CAUSES
Wrong adhesive used (water-based). Contaminated slab (dust, paint, oil). Wrong notch trowel. Adhesive skinned before board placed. Slab MC above 5.5%. Hebel not primed.
⚠ Prevention: MS Polymer only. Clean slab. Correct trowel. Prime Hebel. Document MC.
Installation Process

Every step in order, every time. Skipping any one of these is how a warranty claim starts.

1
Site assessment

Confirm HVAC is running and house is climate-controlled. Check room temperature is stable. Assess subfloor type — concrete, Hebel, or structural board. Do not proceed in an unoccupied building without climate control.

2
Moisture testing

Concrete: Tramex meter ≤ 5.5% MC. In-situ RH probe ≤ 75% RH. Structural ply: timber meter 10–14% MC. Hebel: Tramex meter ≤ 5.5%. Document every reading. Date, location, reading. This is your warranty protection.

3
Subfloor flatness check

Maximum 3mm over 3 metres. Use a long straight edge across multiple directions. Any high spots: grind or plane. Any low spots: self-levelling compound. Don't rely on the adhesive to fill subfloor irregularities — it won't.

4
Subfloor preparation

Concrete: clean, free of dust, paint, oil, or any contamination. Apply moisture barrier on ground-level slabs. Hebel: prime with compatible primer before adhesive. Yellow tongue: overlay with F17 ply if direct sticking.

5
Acclimatise boards

Bring packs into the room. Do not open near doors or windows with drafts. Leave flat — do not stand packs on end. Minimum 48–72 hours. ATFA: "flooring is designed to perform in an environmentally controlled structure."

6
Adhesive application

Use MS Polymer flexible adhesive only. Apply with correct notch trowel: 3mm for Hebel, 4–6mm V-notch for concrete. Work in manageable sections — do not let adhesive skin before boards are placed. Water-based adhesive is never acceptable for direct stick timber.

7
Laying & expansion gaps

Maintain expansion gaps at all fixed edges, columns, and thresholds (minimum 10mm or per manufacturer spec). Blend boards from multiple packs to avoid colour banding. Weight hollow areas while adhesive cures.

8
Cure & completion

Allow full adhesive cure before foot traffic — typically 24–48 hours. Fit cover strips and trims. Clean surface with correct timber floor cleaner. Hand to client with care & maintenance guide. Do not wet-mop a newly installed floor during the cure period.

Adhesive spec

Sika Bond T55 · Bostik UltraSet HP · Mapei Ultrabond Eco. All MS Polymer. Confirm the product's TDS lists the specific floor being installed. For Hebel, call the adhesive manufacturer's technical line before the job — get it in writing.

Supplier Assessment

When a supplier walks in, this is what you ask. If they can't answer any of these, the product is not ready for your floor.

Product Qualification Checklist
Lamella thickness — measured, not stated Minimum 3mm. Request a technical data sheet or test report. Do not accept "approximately 3mm." Red flag: Stated 3mm, measured 2.2mm. Common in budget Chinese product.
Lamella cut method Sawn-cut preferred. Rotary/peeled = lower quality, higher surface checking risk. Red flag: Supplier doesn't know what method was used.
Ply count — specific number 7 minimum, 9 preferred. Must be stated as a number — "multi-layer" is not an answer. Red flag: "Multi-ply" with no number. Often 3-ply in disguise.
Core type and species Multiply plywood — hardwood, poplar, or pine. Must confirm species. Reject "composite" or "engineered base." Red flag: Cannot confirm species. May be HDF or composite.
Lacquer coat count and brand 7 coats minimum. Ask for the brand name. Known brands: Bona, Rubio, Woca, Loba. Red flag: Cannot confirm count. Unknown brand. This is a 3-coat budget finish.
Formaldehyde rating — certificate required E0 or E1. Must provide actual certificate, not just a claim on a brochure. Red flag: No certificate available. Non-negotiable for residential install.
Australian warranty support Who backs the warranty in Australia? Must provide a local name and address for claims. Red flag: "Contact the factory in China." That factory will not respond to your claim.
Adhesive specification TDS must list MS Polymer flexible adhesive as approved. Water-based = reject. Red flag: Water-based adhesive listed as acceptable for direct stick.
Hebel / AAC approval If you're installing on Hebel, ask for a TDS that explicitly approves the product for AAC subfloors. Red flag: No TDS available, or TDS doesn't mention Hebel/AAC.
ATFA standard compliance Product should be installed to the ATFA Engineered Flooring Industry Standard (atfa.com.au). Red flag: Supplier has no reference to any Australian standard.
European product strengths

Consistent lamella thickness. Certified ply count. Known lacquer brands (7–9 coats). E0/E1 certified. Usually has local AU distributor backing the warranty.

Chinese product — what to watch

Highly variable. Some factories supply European brands under private label. Assess the factory — not the flag. Always measure lamella. Always get certificate. Always confirm AU warranty holder.

Sell vs Don't Sell

Simple rules for your team. If a product doesn't meet these, it doesn't go on the floor.

✓ SELL THIS
3mm+ lamellaMain range — standard offer to all clients
Under 2mm lamella — with briefing onlyDocument the conversation. Client acknowledges no refinish.
7-ply minimum core (9-ply preferred)Cross-laminated multiply plywood
Multiply core — hardwood, poplar, or pineSpecies must be stated and confirmed
T&G profile for direct stickOr 5G with confirmed glue-down approval
UV lacquer — 7+ coats, known brandOr UV oil / hardwax oil for premium tier
14–21mm total board thickness
180–220mm wide for standard installs
E0 or E1 formaldehyde certified
Australian warranty — local support confirmed
✗ NEVER SELL THIS
HDF core for direct stickSwells permanently — no moisture recovery. Float only.
MDF / fiberboard / composite baseDo not stock under any circumstances
3-ply core for direct stickToo flexible. Fails under adhesive stress.
Click-only with no glue-down approvalManufacturer must explicitly approve adhesive fix
Under 5 lacquer coatsFails within 2 years. Warranty claim is yours.
Unknown lacquer brandNo coat count confirmed = reject
Boards under 12mm for direct stick
No E0/E1 formaldehyde certificate
No local Australian warranty support
"Heavyweight" — importer can't confirm core speciesMay be thick HDF marketed as premium
On-site — non-negotiable rules
# RULE
1 Test moisture before laying — concrete ≤ 5.5% MC / structural ply 10–14% MC
2 Check flatness — 3mm over 3 metres. Grind or level before laying.
3 Apply moisture barrier on all ground-level concrete slabs — always
4 Prime Hebel before adhesive. Use 3mm notch trowel only on Hebel.
5 MS Polymer flexible adhesive only — never water-based
6 HVAC running before install. Acclimatise boards 48–72 hours on site.
7 Document MC and RH readings on every job — written record = warranty protection
Talking to the client — quality pitch

"Our boards have 9 layers of cross-bonded ply underneath. That's what stops gapping, cupping, and failure when your air-con runs all summer. The 3mm wear layer means it can be sanded and recoated — it's a 25-year floor, not a 10-year floor."